How Is Cryptocurrency Taxed?

 How Is Cryptocurrency Taxed?

In many countries, cryptocurrencies are subject to tax. Trading, spending or selling your crypto are often taxable events. To calculate your taxes, you will need to consider your capital gains and losses. You may also have to pay income taxes if you receive crypto as payment.

Every jurisdiction is different, so make sure you consult a tax advisor. Tax authorities frequently cooperate with crypto exchanges to track crypto transactions. If you attempt to evade tax, you can end up with financial penalties and even harsher punishments.

Introduction

If you HODL or trade, at some point, you'll probably have to pay crypto taxes. The exact amount varies between countries, but it's common for tax authorities to treat crypto assets as capital assets. It's a legal obligation to pay your required taxes, so getting it right matters.

In this article, we'll cover some basic principles that apply to crypto taxation in general. Because the regulatory framework for the taxation of cryptocurrencies differs by country, we always recommend consulting a local tax professional.

Do I have to pay taxes when I buy or sell crypto?

There's no single answer to this question. Your taxes will depend on your location, how long you've held your crypto, the type of activity you're doing, and other factors. In general, you'll probably need to pay taxes or offset losses for selling but not when you buy.

Taxes in cryptocurrencies aren't always simple. As a fairly new asset, tax authorities are still developing crypto regulations. However, it's your responsibility to keep track of your taxable gains and losses and pay the right amount of tax, according to your country’s regulatory framework.

What’s a taxable event?

A taxable event is a transaction or activity you're required to pay taxes on. These events aren’t universal. A taxable event in one country might not be one in another. Typically, transactions involving the sale of commodities, investments, and other capital assets are all taxable. Purchasing digital currencies like Bitcoin or BNB with fiat currency is unlikely to be a taxable event. However, selling or trading your crypto is likely to be taxed.

A taxable event will leave you with capital gains (profit) or capital losses. If an asset you're holding appreciates and you trade it at a profit, you've made capital gains. If you trade or sell that asset at a loss, you've incurred capital losses.

Again, whether capital gains are a taxable event depends on your local tax authority. You may be able to deduct capital losses from your capital gains to reduce your taxes. Your overall amount of tax depends largely on the sum of these together. To help calculate this, taxpayers should note the date, cost basis (purchase price), sale value, and fees associated with all trading transactions.

What are taxable and non-taxable events? 

Generally speaking, taxable events include:

1. Selling cryptocurrency for fiat currency (i.e., USD, CAD, EUR, JPY, etc.). 

2. Trading cryptocurrency for another cryptocurrency (e.g., BTC for ETH).

3. Spending cryptocurrencies. In jurisdictions including the US, UK, Canada, and Australia, directly spending your crypto on goods or services can incur taxes if you made profits.

4. Receiving cryptocurrency as a result of a fork, airdrop, or mining.

On the other hand, the following are generally not considered taxable events:

1. Buying cryptocurrency with fiat currency (except in cases where the purchase price is lower than the fair market value of the purchased coin).

2. Donating cryptocurrency to a tax-exempt organization.

3. Gifting cryptocurrency under a specific limit.

4. Transferring cryptocurrency from one wallet you own to another wallet you own.

How is cryptocurrency taxed?

Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies' official classification within a country will determine how they're taxed. Tax authorities commonly count crypto as a capital asset and not a currency. If your country hasn't passed specific crypto taxation laws, expect your crypto profits to be taxed according to their official designation (if any). Some jurisdictions take a much simpler approach. Germany, for example, has no tax on crypto held for over a year. Malaysia, Portugal, and Singapore also have very liberal crypto tax rules.

Your Bitcoin or crypto income may also count as income tax. If you're a full-time employee, freelancer, or crypto trader paid in crypto, you’re likely liable to pay income tax on your crypto earnings. Again, the income tax rate usually depends on the amount you earn.

Under a certain income threshold, you might pay no tax on your income. You'll typically find different income brackets, with increasing higher brackets paying higher tax rates. If your primary income comes from trading, find out if you're subject to capital gains taxes or income tax.

 

How do I calculate my taxes?

If you've bought crypto, HODLed, and sold it later, your tax liability should be fairly easy to calculate. Let's look at a simplified, US-based example. First of all, we need to figure out our capital gains or losses in US dollars. Here's the formula:

Fair market value - Cost basis = Capital gain / Loss

The fair market value is the current spot price you'd find on an exchange like Binance. Cost basis is the original price you paid for the asset plus any fees.

Imagine you bought 2 BTC for $10,000 and sold them two years later for $30,000. You've now made $40,000 in capital gains:

$60,000 (fair market value) - $20,000 (cost basis)  = $40,000 (capital gains)

In the USA, capital gains tax depends on your total taxable income, tax-filing status, and the amount of time you've held the asset. If you've kept your crypto for over a year, you're subject to long-term capital gains tax.

The amount you pay depends on your total taxable income. This figure includes your capital gains. If you already have $50,000 of taxable income, your total taxable income will be $90,000, including your capital gains. According to the Internal Revenue Service’s chart below, you'll pay a 15% capital gains tax rate on your cryptocurrency gains.

Tax-filing status	0%	15%	20%
Single	Less than $40,400	$40,401 - $445,850	Over $445,850
Married filing jointly	Less than $80,800	$80,801 - $501,600	Over $501,600
Married filing separately	Less than $40,400	$40,401 - $250,800	Over $250,800
Head of household	Less than $54,100	$54,101 - $473,750	Over $473,750

 

If you trade regularly, your calculations will require some work. It’s easier to understand the tax consequences of fiat purchases and sales, but it gets more complicated when trading one cryptocurrency for another. Let's imagine you've been trading BNB and Ether (ETH). Here's your trading history:

Date	Trading Activity
17 Feb 2021	Purchased 1 BNB for $150
21 Feb 2021	Purchased 1 BNB for $300
02 April 2021	Purchased 1 ETH for $2,000
11 April 2021	Trade 1 BNB (worth $500 on the spot market that day) for 0.24 ETH

 

In our example, trading your BNB for ETH counts as a taxable event, so you must calculate your capital gains and losses. Your capital gains are the fair market value ($500) minus the cost basis. But which transaction do we use as the cost basis? After purchasing BNB previously at two different prices, you need to make a decision.

Accountants use two different ways to calculate this: First-in, First-Out (FIFO) and Last-In, First-Out (LIFO). FIFO is the standard for most countries, while LIFO is typically only used as an alternative method in the U.S. With FIFO, the asset you purchased first is sold or traded first. In our case, we would first sell the 1 BNB purchased for $150.

Using FIFO, the cost basis for our taxable event is $150. This leaves us with $350 in capital gains to pay according to our formula:

$500 (fair market value) - $150 (cost basis) = $350 (capital gains)

With LIFO, the most recently purchased asset is sold or traded first. LIFO would instead use the purchase of 1 BNB for $300 as the cost basis. In this case, your capital gains would be $200.

$500 (fair market value) - $300 (cost basis) = $200 (capital gains)

You can deduct your capital losses from capital gains to calculate how much you owe in a tax year. In many countries, short-term capital gains and capital losses (typically holdings less than a year) are treated separately from long-term gains and losses.

 

How do tax authorities know about my cryptocurrency?

Tax authorities such as the IRS, ATO, CRA, HMRC, and others track cryptocurrency transactions and enforce tax compliance. Large cryptocurrency exchanges also cooperate with authorities.

Governments use data analytics tools such as Chainanalysis to pinpoint cryptocurrency users. With enough information, they can tie blockchain transactions from regulated cryptocurrency exchanges to personal crypto wallets. These analytics even include multiple layers removed from exchanges to combat tax evasion.

The IRS and other tax authorities also partner and share data with other governmental bodies, academic institutions, and international governments to share information about cryptocurrency usage.

 

What happens if I don’t file my cryptocurrency taxes?

In many countries, tax authorities require you to file your taxes regularly. This can be the case even if you owe zero taxes or need a refund. Failure to file can result in fees, penalties, interest, confiscated refunds, audits, and even jail time.

Source- Binance Academy